Human Resource Management Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resource Management Questions - Essay Example For example, if there is an employment contract in existence, the employer and employee are subjects to terms spelled therein. Such a contract will provide circumstances under which an employee will be entitled to a termination as well as what actions constitutes a breach of the contract. It is thus advisable that the employer informs themselves of proper steps for firing an employee. An employer’s ability to lay-off an employee greatly depends on the groundwork set forth since the day they admit an employee in their system. This as follows: †¢ Have fairly designed rules This is to imply that an organisation must embody properly drafted and defined rules made known to every employee. †¢ Enforce the said regulations fairly Apart from the rules being fair in nature, they should get fair application to each employee without any discrimination. †¢ Problem documentation Employee’s misconduct and warnings so issued to them need proper documentation, which serves as evidence in case of eminent lawsuit. †¢ Proper incidence investigation There should be proper investigation for the problem in order to establish reasons for the employee’s deteriorated behaviour. After taking into account the above three steps an employer will have navigated liability cast upon them by unsatisfied laid off employees. The reason is that the employer will have a strong base upon which they can anchor their defence.

Allama Muhammed Iqbal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allama Muhammed Iqbal - Article Example His father, Shaikh Nur Muhammed, was a very reputed tailor and a great devotee to Islam. Iqbal was raised in a strong religious background. Iqbal initially started learning languages like Urdu, English and Persian along with history, poetry and religion. One of his tutors, Sayyid Mir Hassan, recognized a hidden poet and a writer in Iqbal. He encouraged him to continue his studies and polish himself as a poet at the Scotch Mission College in Sialkot. He graduated as a poet and writer in 1892. At the age of 15, he got married to Karim Bibi, the daughter of a well- known physician. They had two children, a girl and a boy. Iqbal lost his third child soon after birth. Since, the couple could not meet up to each other's expectation, their marriage ended in 1916. From the Government College Lahore, he studied Philosophy, English literature and Arabic and came out as a gold medalist with a Bachelors of Arts degree. While doing his masters, he met Sir Thomas Arnold who was a scholar in Islam and modern philosophy. Sir Arnold made him familiar with the western culture and ideas. He taught him to relate the eastern ideas with the western ones. In 1903, Iqbal published his first book, "The Knowledge of Economics", in Urdu. Later in 1905, he published a patriotic poem, "Song of India".

Development of Human Computer Interface

Development of Human Computer Interface Development of Human Computer Interface Based on Cognitive Model Integrated With Data Mining Techniques M. Mayilvaganan, D. Kalpanadevi Abstract First review concern about the relevant literature survey in order to evaluate the performance of learning ability and knowledge, behavior, attention, by the category of cognitive skills which is analyzed by various data mining techniques. In this paper focus the concepts of cognitive process and data mining techniques which are used to evaluate the usability of system based on metrics for analyzing problem solving resources. The implementation of cognitive process in the Human computer Interface(HCI) system contributes to give better performance of the human behavior which will be analyses by data mining technique of classification and clustering process can be proposed to evaluate the knowledge of person in efficient manner. This implies that the skills will be stimulated over time through intentional support and also helps for various resources based on different categorize. Keywords: GOM Model, Data mining techniques, Human Computer Interface system, Observational method, C4.5, Naà ¯ve Bayes, K-means, Weka Tool. Introduction Data mining also called Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) in the field of discovering novel and potentially useful information from large amount of data. In recent years, there has been increasing interest on the use of data mining to investigate scientific questions for problem solving analysis, an area of human thinking, behavior, analyse the performance from the knowledge criteria are gathered by the techniques of data mining [1]. An ability of cognitive performance is essential in various environment, which is influenced by many qualitative attributes are included for forming the data set. Data mining techniques such as K-nearest neighbor, decision tree, Naà ¯ve Bayes, Neural network, Fuzzy, Genetic and other techniques are applied in various environments [3]. This paper describes about literature survey on to analyse the cognitive performance integrates with data mining techniques. 2. Cognitive process in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Human computer interaction is concerned with how people use computer system to perform tasks, usually in a real life work setting. To evaluate the competing task by using usability criteria based on cognitive models. Cognitive processes is the process that involve knowledge, attention, memory, producing and understanding the language, problem solving and decision making. All these are very important for human behavior. The working process of each task can be analyzed by data mining techniques for finding the human behavior, attitude and attention performance in respect way. 2.1 Collecting Qualitative Data through Cognitive process Scope of knowledge is accumulated information, problem solving schemas, performance skills, expertise, memory capacity, problem representation ability, abstraction and categorization abilities, synthesis skills, long-term concentration ability, motivation, efficiency and accuracy. Data which is collected by using variety of techniques like Video and audio recording, software logging, Scan converters, think- aloud protocols or pencil and paper field notes. These techniques can be followed by several cognitive models such as GOM model, KLM model, Cognitive complexity which has to be evaluating by language based model such as Command Language grammar, Task Action Language, Task Action Grammar, and Knowledge Analysis of tasks. In cognitive complexity, the tasks can be assessed by analysing the number of entities that have to be related in a single representation. For eg: The hypothesis ideas such as collecting the personal data, family background, academic details, extracurricular activities, activities while during studies etc., are the basic attributes for analysing the performance skill for required person. The techniques are outlined for analysis of cognitive complexity in general cognition, cognitive development, mathematics education, reasoning tasks, psychometric test items, and industrial decision making, problem solving etc. The role of questionary format on the basis of problem solving, reasoning task, behaviour methods to analyse in effective way. 2.2 GOMS Model GOMS model stands for Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules needed to perform a task. Tasks are broken down into their components to predict performance times. Figure.1 represents the process of GOM model describe as Goals are objectives Operators are the actions that change the system state or the cognitive state. Methods are description of procedures for achieving goals stored in the user’s knowledge structure of the task built-up for the problem solving. Fig.1 GOM model Selection Rules are If †¦Then statements to enable the user to choose between the methods under the time complexity. 2.3 Keystroke Level Model (KLM) KLM is derived from GOMS and describes the time taken to execute sub-task using the system facilities. Total time taken for an action is arrived at by simply adding together the times for each component task. To obtain the predicted time for a task and add the times for individual operators based on Fitt law, Steering Law. 2.4 Cognitive Complexity Theory Cognitive complexity theory is an extension of GOMS. It attempts to predict how difficult learn and use a system will be base on a GOMS model of the task and its required knowledge, a model of the user current knowledge and a list of the items of knowledge to be learned in order for the user to be able to make error- free use of the system. 2.5 Knowledge Analysis of Tasks (KAT) KAT is an evaluate model to identify the task gathered from variety of techniques including interviews and questionnaires, observation, rating scales, repertory grids and conduct online test for problem solving. The completed tasks will analysis for the performer by producing the result. KAT involves several stages such as Identify the person goals, sub goal and subtasks Work out order in which sub goal are to be carried out. Identify task strategies. Identify procedures. Identify Task Objects and Actions. 3. Data Mining Concepts Integrates To HCI The variety of domain values which are related with performance based on their required result carried out by cognitive process model. From fig.1 shows such factor may be founded by means of analysis based on data mining techniques. Usability criteria can be measured by setting performance targets in the system design at the stage of effectiveness, learning ability, and flexibility, attitude which is evaluated by either survey or experimental method. An analytical evaluation method is followed by the GOMS model, KLM model and Cognitive complexity theory for end-user testing through knowledge task analysis. After observational evaluation happened, the collection of data will be stored in the database. Using data mining techniques, preprocessing, data cleaning and transformation are carried out for avoid the redundancy and clear the noisy data from the database. After preprocessing, several algorithms are applied to discover the knowledge and performance factor are analysed to identify the human ability. 4. Data mining techniques An application of Data mining is a rich focus of Classification algorithm, Association algorithm, Clustering algorithm which can be applied to the field of some resources it concerns with developing methods that discover the knowledge from data originating from any other resource environment. Fig.1. Methodology Process of analyse skill by Data Mining Techniques 4.1 Classification Techniques In Classification process, the derive model is to predict the class of objects whose class label is unknown. The derived model is based on the analysis of asset of training data. In educational data mining, the work of data was predicted by logical rule of the Classification algorithms with the represent of common domain values for analyzing the qualitative performance of required details. In this case study, it can be predicting the human behavior through HCI by given the problem solving question, observational process and other resources. In this technique, it can be classified the functioning of cognitive style such as logical reasoning, analytical ability, Numerical ability, balanced profile for skill learning, personality analysis and other styles for analyzing the skill for the human user from the collected dataset systematically. In C4.5 algorithm construct in which enhanced by ID3 algorithm and it works in divide and conquer method. At the beginning stage the root is present to associate with training data set. The rule set is formed from the initial state of decision tree. Each path from the initial state, the condition will be evaluate and simplified by the effect of rule and an outcomes will put on the required leaf, the step will continuous when it comes discarding the condition. Let freq (Ci, S) stand for the number of samples in S that belong to class Ci (out of k possible classes), and à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½Sà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½ denotes the number of samples in the set S. Then the entropy of the set S: equation (1) After set T has been partitioned in accordance with n outcomes of one attribute test X: equation (2) gain (x) = info (T) infox(T) In Naà ¯ve Bayes algorithm, to reduce computation in evaluating P (X|Ci), the naive assumption of class conditional is made. This presumes that the values of the attributes are conditionally independent of one another, given the class label of the tuple. The data set predicts that tuple X belongs to the class Ci. equation (3) By Bayes’ theorem, the classic for which P (Ci |X) is maximized is called the maximum posteriori hypothesis. P (Ci |X) = P(X|Ci)P(Ci) / P(X) equation (4) The classic for which P (Ci |X) is maximized is called the maximum posteriori hypothesis. It can easily estimate the probabilities P(x1|Ci)Ãâ€"P(x2|Ci)Ãâ€" ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€"P(xn|Ci) from the training tuples by the following relationship. equation (5) 4.3 Clustering Techniques Cluster analysis is used to segment a large set of data into subsets called clusters. It is the process of grouping or organizing a set of objects into distinct group based on some similarity or dissimilarity measure among the individual objects, such that the objects in the same group are more similar to each other than those in other groups [2]. Through this technique, it can be cluster the skill level in style wise or any other pattern and analyse in each cognitive style in grouped manner. In this paper, K-means clustering can be used to analyse the classification of training tuple from the rule base relation, then it can be grouped the performance of skill in pattern wise. K-means algorithm takes the input parameter and partitions a set of n objects into k clusters. Cluster similarity is measured in regard to the mean value of the objects in a cluster based on center of gravity. For each of the remaining object is assigned to the cluster based on the distance. Iteration can be repeated until the function can satisfied. equation (6) where E is the sum of the square error for all objects in the data set; p is the point in space representing a given object; and mi is the mean of cluster Ci, the distance from the object to its cluster center is squared, and the distances are summed. The resulting of k clusters as compact and group can be formed for the required pattern. Experimentation of Training Data set and Result Analysis Using Data mining Techniques From this research survey, it can be analysed and produced an idea to propose the human performance based on cognitive process through Human Computer interface by interacting from computer system. The training data set can be experimented in data mining techniques to analysis the behavior of the human user via computer system. In this experiment, Classification technique approach was obtained accuracy to classification for forum data. Using Weka tool the classification algorithm was provided to experiment with sample data set by the given attributes like logical reasoning, numerical ability and personality for analyse the skill level of human user. Through clustering technique it can be analysed the performance of skill level from the classified training data set. Weka provides the range of the functioning in style wise and estimates the accuracy of resulting predicting model in classification algorithms are C4.5 and Naà ¯ve Bayes techniques used in the analyzing process. These techniques are decision making rule process which can be worked in probability evaluation model on the analysis of a set of training data. If logical_reasoning = good and Numerial_ability = good and personality=good then Performance= Good_skill_user If logical_reasoning = poor and Numerial_ability = poor and personality=good then Performance= Average_skill_user If logical_reasoning = poor and Numerial_ability = poor and personality=poor then Performance= below _average _skill_user TABLE.1: PERFORMANCE MEASURE FOR TRAINING DATA OF 200 SAMPLE INSTANCE From table.1, shows the measuring the performance of execution time and correctly classified instance based on the proposed algorithm for predicting in rule. In second experiment, the data clustering method can be used for checking the similarity based on the criteria of performance like Good skill user, Average Skill user and below average skill user using K-means algorithm technique. Fig. 2: Clustering Performance in pattern wise analysis 6. Conclusion In this studied, it can be concluded that an idea of Human computer interface which integrate with respect to cognitive models for analyzing human behavior of skill gathered by using problem solving using data mining techniques. By using 200 instance of sample training data set, which can be predicted by the rule of classification techniques of C4.5 and Naà ¯ve Bayes algorithm which can be produced their efficiency are C4.5 classified by execution time of accuracy is 0.25 second and 170 instance are correctly classified. Naà ¯ve Bayes algorithm classified by execution time of accuracy is 0.1 second and 142 instances are correctly classified. From the above analysis more instance of classifier is C4.5 algorithm was well suited for classification to skill analysis. Finally, it can be analysis by category wise based on pattern then produce 80% of Good skill user, 40% of Average Skill user and 5% below average skill user using K-means clustering algorithm. References 7.1 Book [1] Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, 2nd ed., Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2006. Arun K Pujari, â€Å"Data mining techniques†, University Press (India) Private Limited. David Hand, Heikki Mannila adhraic Smyth, â€Å"Principles of Data Mining†, MIT Press, 2001. Anderson, J.R, ‘The Architecture of Cognition’, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1983). 7.2 Journal Article [5] Richard E.Clark, â€Å"Cognitive Task Analysis†, October 14, 2006. [6] Chipman, S. F., Schraagen, J. M., Shalin, V. L., â€Å"Introduction to Cognitive task analysis† [7] David H. Jonassen, â€Å"Analysis of Task Procedures†, Copyright [emailprotected] 1986. 7.3 Conference Proceedings [8] Bainbridge, L. â€Å"The change in concepts needed to account for human behaviour in complex  dynamic tasks†, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and  Humans, 27, 351–359. [9] Arbi Ghazarian, â€Å"Pauses in man-machine interactions: a clue to users â€Å" Skill levels and their user  interface requirements†, Int. J. Cognitive Performance Support, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013. [10] Sheikh,L Tanveer B. and Hamdani,S., Interesting Measures for Mining Association Rules.  IEEE-INMIC Conference December. 2004. [11] M. O. Mansur, M.Sap and M. Noor, â€Å"Outlier Detection Technique in Data mining: A Research  Perceptive†, In Postgraduate Annual Research Seminar, 2005. 1

Advertising in America Essay -- Advertisements Media Essays

Advertising in America (All need revisions in italics) Are advertising companies out of control now a days? Do they play on the average Americans fears about certain events in life to sell their products? Do they try to attack events that are one and a million to sell us useless things? Advertising companies use all of those tactics to sell things to the average everyday concerned American. This is especially evident in security systems, new cars, and also in equipment. This aspect of advertising is also apparent in commercials trying to stop Americans from buying things such as cigarettes and drugs. These advertising companies have been very successful in using this tactic to sell their goods. Security systems for homes have been a big seller thanks to this tactic used by advertising big shots. ADT is a leading security system seller who uses this in every commercial they make. The fear that they play on is the fear of being attacked in the middle of the night. They show a family in the quiet suburbs with a nice home in a nice neighborhood. They show a burglar trying to break into the home which is un-successful due to the alarm system in the home. It the shows the family being woken by the sound of the alarm followed by a call from the professionals at adt who monitor all the alarms. The person on the phone tells the family to remain calm and notifies them that authorities are on the way. This is a solid example of advertising playing on American fears. They target middle class families in the suburbs because they know that they have money to install them, and know that for the most part care about the safety of their families. Scare tactics such as this one, works for th e company who sells hundreds of thousands of sec... ... you buy drugs you may be supporting the enemy. This is a strong attack that appeals mainly to older teens who understand the war. These uses of advertising are being used more and more by companies. They realize that Americans are caring about more and more. Americans are becoming more and more concerned with issues such as saftey, beauty, and bronze. This opens many doors for companies to sell their products. In conclusion I believe advertising companies do use fear to sell their products. Along with believing that they use our fears to bleed us of money for absolutely useful things, I also believe that these companies are successful and will become more and more successful as more fears accumulate in the American consumers mind. Since the seller is also a consumer he or she knows exactly which fears to play which makes it a very successful advertising tactic.

Causes and Consequences of World War 1

The causes of World War I, which began in central Europe in July 1914, included many intertwined factors, such as the conflicts and hostility of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well. However, the immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, casus belli for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife by Gavrilo Princip, an irredentist Serb. The crisis came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, Great Britain, Austria-Hungarian Empire and Russia) over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. In turn these diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867. [2] The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The topic of the causes of World War I is one of the most studied in all of world history. Scholars have differed significantly in their interpretations of the event. Consequences of the War During and in the aftermath of the war the political, cultural, and social order was drastically changed in Europe, Asia and Africa, even outside the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. There were some general consequences from the creation of a large number of new small states in eastern Europe as a result of the dissolution of the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, and the regional disturbance of the Russian Civil War. Internally these new states tended to have substantial ethnic minorities, which wished to unite with neighboring states where their ethnicity dominated. One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of war was the large number of European refugees. Economic and military cooperation amongst these small states was minimal ensuring that the defeated powers of Germany and the Soviet Union retained a latent capacity to dominate the region. In the immediate aftermath of the war, defeat drove cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union but ultimately these two powers would compete to dominate Eastern Europe. Perhaps the single most important event precipitated by the privations of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917. A socialist and often explicitly Communist revolutionary wave occurred in many other European countries from 1917 onwards, notably in Germany and Hungary.

Teamwork: Communication and Group

Communication is essential throughout our daily life, both in our personal life and professional life. Communication skills are vital when we are working towards a common goal as a part of a team (Kearney-Nunnery, 2008). By observing and evaluating yourself when in interaction with others, we can learn how to communicate effectively. Group work demonstrates our capacity to communicate effectively, share and reflect on our opinions, gain trust for group members, and resolve conflicts. A team can be defined as â€Å"a group of individuals who work together to produce products or deliver services for which they are mutually accountable (Tyrer, 2004). Teamwork is described as â€Å"a dynamic process involving two or more [health professionals] with complimentary backgrounds and skills, sharing common [health] goals (†¦ ). This is accomplished through interdependent collaboration, open communication and shared decision-making (Ream & Xyrichis, 2007). † â€Å"Effective collab oration can lead to effective teamwork (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). † One of the most commonly used methods to assess our performance is through writing a reflective evaluation. In this assignment, I have been asked to reflect on my communication patterns and experiences whilst working within a group. This semester we were asked to work in small groups of 4 – 5 students to prepare a 20 minute information session on the ‘completion of documentation’, and perform a presentation in front of the class. In this assignment I will demonstrate my understanding of group dynamics and communication skills, reflect on my experience during the group activity, and briefly explain how the member contributions were divided up for the group presentation. Team members are described as â€Å"having complementary skills, being committed to a common purpose and holding themselves accountable for their performance (Tyrer, 2004). † These descriptions make it clear that teams are about working together as a group, and each member of the team has a purpose within the group, in working towards a common goal. Team members share goals and are mutually held accountable for meeting them (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). † To be effective, team members must be flexible and tolerant. For successful teamwork, there must be open and effective communication between all of the team members. Open communication means that all members of the team have their chance to share ideas without being criticized. Establishing such communication between all members is vital for productivity and achievement of goals. â€Å"If effective, the team is more likely to utilize the full range of diverse knowledge and skills available (Tyrer, 2004). † Because the team is held collectively accountable, integrating with one another is expected and included in the responsibilities of each member. Unequal levels of participation between the members of the team may inhibit the smooth running of a team (Caldwell et al). Group working allows people's individual skills and knowledge to merge, which compensates in areas where individual members are lacking. â€Å"It has been argued that teamwork offers greater adaptability and creativity than any one individual can offer, while promoting job satisfaction and staff retention. (Ream & Xyrichis, 2007)† Many variables affect teamwork and team performance on group assignments; including the individual characteristics and personalities the students, the mode of delivery, and understanding of what teamwork involves. During the group work activity I learned how to work with different personalities. Everyone approached the topic differently. I think each group member brought a unique perspective to the group, which helped to create ideas and allowed the group to discuss each angle with each other. Although our group did not have a clear leader chosen at the start of our group work, I believe Rebecca held many of the essential qualities of a group leader. â€Å"The leader has the responsibility to develop team processes (for example, clarity of roles and support for the team) and create favourable performance conditions for the team (Canadian Health Services Research Foundation). Our group decided to divide the topic of ‘completion of documentation’ up into categories with subheadings (e. g. reasons for documentation, history of documentation, forms of documentation, errors in documentation, etc. ); each group member was then responsible for writing a paragraph on one bullet point, ensuring we distributed the work fairly among the group. However, we did all of the b rainstorming as a group and used group meetings to create outlines for the designated points each person was to follow. Once a draft was written, each group member edited it and gave comments, but final adjustments were left to the writer’s discretion. This was to ensure that our categories flowed nicely. We then met as a group and collectively created a PowerPoint presentation with the information we had gathered, instead of having one person doing the majority of the work. In between group meetings, we kept each other updated on our progress via emails. This allowed us to exchange information and share resources. We used email to keep in touch with team members as an easy way to get a hold of other members of the team in the fastest way possible. I found this effective as we were able to maintain contact during our busy weeks. Although I thought communicating via email was appropriate due to the colliding schedules of the group members, more direct observation of the team at work together as a group would be helpful in my assessment of the effectiveness of teamwork behaviours, and the writing of this paper. More frequent team meetings dedicated to the group presentation may have resulted in better communication, which could have allowed for better transfer of knowledge and therefore may have increased our team performance during the presentation. During group meetings, all members participated actively, trying to express their point of view. I think everyone had equal opportunity to voice their opinions and incorporate their ideas into the presentation. I thought working in a group setting was really valuable, which enabled us to expand our communication skills, and become more aware of our behaviour in group situations. In summary, Teamwork is the interaction or relationship of two or more people, who work interdependently towards a common goal. Team-based methods of working have many advantages. Team working has been viewed as a valuable way of improving performance, and quality of working life in a health care setting. Teamwork will accomplish a task more effectively and efficiently than an individual effort. Working in a team requires effective communication. For teamwork to be successful, it is important that every member of the team has patience or tolerance for the opinions of the rest of the team members. When members respect each other’s opinions, there will not only be an increase in productivity, but in teamwork itself. The development of an effective team requires a positive attitude and commitment toward teamwork, along with an understanding of what teamwork involves. REFERENCES Caldwell, K. , Atwal, A. , Copp, G. , Brett-Richards, M. , & Coleman, K. (2006). Preparing for practice: how well are practitioners prepared for teamwork. British Journal of Nursing, (15) 22, 1250-1254 Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. (June 2006). Teamwork in healthcare: Promoting effective teamwork in healthcare in Canada. Policy synthesis and recommendation. Retrieved October 13, 2010 From: Http://www. Chsrf. Ca/Research_Themes/Pdf/TeamworkSynthesisReport_ E. Pdf Kearney-Nunnery, R. (2008). Advancing your Career: Concepts of Professional Nursing (4th ed). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Tyrer, J. (2004). What lessons can we learn from effective teamwork? Nursing & Residential Care. 6 (2), 86-88 Xyrichis, A. & Ream, E. (2007). Teamwork: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing: Theoretical paper. 61, 232–241.